Apocarpous and Syncarpous are terms used in botany to describe the arrangement of carpels in the gynoecium of flowering plants. In an apocarpous gynoecium, the carpels are free from one Read More

Carpel and Pistil are integral components of the reproductive system in flowering plants, central to the process of pollination and fertilization. The carpel is the individual unit of the gynoecium, Read More

Phytosomes and Liposomes are advanced delivery systems designed to enhance the bioavailability and effectiveness of active compounds, ensuring they reach their desired targets within the body. Phytosomes primarily involve the Read More

Hapten and Adjuvant play pivotal roles in the complex orchestration of immune responses, yet they serve vastly different functions. Haptens, small molecules in nature, are incapable of provoking an immune Read More

Cybrids and Hybrids represent two distinct concepts in biology and biotechnology. Cybrids, short for “cytoplasmic hybrids,” involve the merging of cytoplasmic components from different cells while typically retaining the nucleus Read More

Introduction of Antibodies and T Cells The immune system stands as a remarkable sentinel, defending the body against foreign invaders and harmful substances. Central to this defense mechanism are antibodies Read More